让英语考试“可爱”起来—尹继友老师论文
【文章发表于《 高校招生 》杂志2011年第6期】
让英语考试“可爱”起来
——“颠倒”与“逆向”设题的启示
湖北省麻城市第三中学 尹继友
课堂教学改革如今已是教育的热门话题，随着改革的深入，新课程标准的精髓和要义在课堂教学中有了不同程度的体现。这确实让人高兴，但我们在高兴之余，不得不正视这样一个问题：课堂教学改革虽然如火如荼，但考试改革幅度不大。考试如若不改革，新课标的精神就永远无法落到实处，我们的课堂教学改革将永远是“画饼充饥”。新的课程标准中也指出课程教学改革“并非不要考试”，而是要改变考试的形式，调整试卷的设计思路，让考试“可爱”起来。那么，如何才能做到这一点呢？下面笔者结合工作中的一些做法和思考，谈三点考试设题掘见：
一、变“一般规律”为“颠倒考法”
“兴趣是最好的老师”，这句话已经成为教育者的共识。传统的考试往往只是让学生机件地解答，激发不了学生学习的兴趣，从而挫伤了学生考试的积极性，绝大多数的学生对考试充满了畏惧感。要改变这种状况，我们就必须对传统的考试形式加以改进，设计出新颖独特、紧贴学生实际的试题。
例如：高考考查非谓语动词的一般规律是：在题干中给定句子的主体结构，要求学生根据句意从A, B, C和D四个选项中选一个正确的非谓语动词形式。但不可忽视的是：高考中也有一种特例______一种“颠倒”的考法，即：在题干中给定非谓语动词形式，要求考生据此从下面四个选项中选出一个正确的句子。请看下面的实例：
1. While watching television, __________. ( NMET06全国卷III )
A. the doorbell rang B.the doorbell rings C. we heard the doorbell ring D. we heard the doorbell rings
解析：答案选C。句子的主语we也是现在分词短语watching television的逻辑主语，While watching television是While we were watching television的省略形式。此外，根据“hear sb. do sth.”结构，可以判断句后用原形动词ring作heard的宾语补足语。
2. Having been attacked by the terrorists, __________. ( NMET06上海卷 )
A. doctors came to their rescues B. the tall building collapsed
B. an emergency measure was taken D. warnings were given to tourists
解析：答案选B。句子的主语the tall building也是句首现在分词短语的逻辑主语，Having been ayyacked by teerorisys作时间状语，相当于时间状语从句After it ( = the tall buiolding ) had been attacked by terrorists。
3. In order to improve English, ________.( 06上海春 )
A. Jenny’s father bought her a lot of tapes B. Jenny bought a lot of tapes for herself
C. A lot of tapes were bought by Jenny D. A lot of tapes were bought by Jenny’s father
解析：答案选B。句子的主语Jenny应是动词不定式短语to improve English的逻辑主语，而这个不等式短语又是bought…for herself的目的状语。
4. Given more attention, ________. ( 06湖北卷 )
A. we could have grown the tree better B. the tree could have grown better
C.and the tree could have grown better D. and we could have grown the tree better
解析：答案选B。在分词短语和句子主体结构之间不用任何连词，所以应首先排除C和D项。句子的主语the tree 也是句首过去分词短语Given more attention的逻辑主语。从句中could have grown看，句子含虚拟语气，Given more attention可转化为假设条件从句If it ( = the tree ) had given more attention。
5. When completed, ______. ( 06山西卷 )
A. people will go and visit the museum next year B. the city will have a new museum next year
C.the museum will be open to the public next year D. many things will be on display in the museum next year
解析：答案选C。句子的主语the museum也是过去分词completed 的逻辑主语，When completed是被动式时间状语从句When the museum is completed的省略形式。
6. Not having received her answer, ____. ( NMET08江苏卷 )
A. he decided to write to her again B. her letter must have been lost
C.the postman could not have given him her letter D. another letter was sent to her
解析：答案选A。句子的主语he也是否定式现在分词短语Not having received her letter的逻辑主语。
综上分析，考生做这类单选试题时应该注意的是：所选正确项句子的主语必须能充当句首非谓语动词（短语）的逻辑主语。
总之，这类试题给学生极大的思维空间，有利于激发学生的解题热情，在考查学生的同时又让学生乐于接受。
二、变“顺向设题”为“逆向设题”
学生学习的过程实际上是一个发现问题、分析问题、解决问题的过程。在学生掌握了一种知识技能后，应引导他们尽可能去思考，发现它的应用。而作为了解学生学习状况的考试，更应该成为学生创造发现的延伸。因此在我们设计的试卷中应减少“再现性”的题目，转而增加“发现性”的试题。
例如：高考或调考中有一种设题称为“动词短语的“逆向” 设题即：对于结构为“动词+宾语+介词+介词宾语” 之类的动词短语，诸如“make use of something, have trouble / difficulty (in) doing something”等等, 相信绝大部分学生都很熟悉它们的常规用法。 所谓“常规”用法就是把此类短语中的介词之前(包括介词)部分看作固定不变的整体，进行变化的只是介词后面的部分。如：
1) He made use of waste plastic in this article of handiwork.
2) You can make use of your dictionary when doing this spelling exercise.
3) Did you have any difficulty in getting to the top of the hill yesterday?
4) He was sure to have great difficulty giving up smoking.
但是，在下面这样的题目面前有的学生可能会感到无从下手。比如，
1) The ___ that our body makes ___ food lies mainly in our digestion.
A. advantage; of B. use; in C. use; of D. advantage; over
2) Thank you for all the trouble you ___ my baby yesterday.
A. had to look after B. had looking after C. had looked after D. have had looked after
正确答案分别是1)C和2)B。在上面两个题目中, 我们发现对此类动词短语的考查角度共有一个显著特点，即，不把介词及其以前的部分看作固定不变的整体，而是恰恰就把考查重点放在了我们本以为是整体的那一部分；并且，考查的方式是把该动词短语中的动词宾语前置为先行词，其余部分作为一个定语从句。这样，就把此类短语的考查放在一个比较复杂的句子结构里。本文就把对此类短语的这种“反常规” 用法称作“逆向”用法。请继续看如下例子：
3) We appreciate ___ you ___ in organizing this contest.
A. a part; took B. a part; played C. the part; took D. the part; played
4) Don’t you realize the damage these chem-icals ___ our environment?
A. are doing to B. is resulting in C. are making for D. is leading to
5) He is doing research into the adverse effect that modern farming methods may ___ the en-vironment.
A. make B. have on C. bring on D. damage
6) Finally, they agreed on the date he ___ the next meeting.
A. set about B. set out C. set off D. set for
7)I think the ___ you ___ her was too much.
A. jokes; played on B. role; played in C. joke; played on D. part; played in
8) He was cited for the great contributions he ___ promoting awareness of environmental issues.
A. was B. had made towards C. had been D. made in
以上6题分别用到这样几个此类动词短语: play a part in doing sth.; do damage to sth.; have an effect on sth.; set a date for sth.; play a joke on sb.; make contributions towards doing sth.。正确答案是: 3) D4) A5) B6) D7) C8) B
具有这种“逆向”用法的类似的动词短语还有很多，比如，do harm to; pay attention to; set a record for sth.; take pains to do sth/ over/with sth.; take trouble over/with sth; take trouble doing sth; take a picture/photo of sb. sth.。
这类试题有利于引导学生更细心地观察、更认真地思考、更智慧地归纳，不但让学生再现了知识，而且考查了学生发现规律、总结规律的能力，培养了学生思维的灵活性和深刻性，真正将学生的创造潜能诱发出来。
三、变“思维定势解题”为“变通解法”
传统的考题的答案是唯一的，学生往往只满足于把一个答案找出来，不再进一步思考分析，探索解题的规律和方法。设计一些结论开放的试题可以培养学生思维的灵活性和开放性，增强学生的创新意识，养成创新的习惯。
例如：在解题过程中，我发现同学们存在着一个突出问题：容易受“思维定势”的影响，因而对变化了的题目未能灵活应变，造成了不少错误。本文希望通过下面8个实例的评析，帮助同学们“解放思想”，解题中能摆脱这种“思维定势”的影响。
1. ______they are to be included in the plan will depend on _______they are true.(NMET1998)
A .If ; if B .Whether ; whether C .If ; whether D .Whether ; if
2 .______________the early morning of May Day he left for Shanghai.(1999上海高考)
A .On B .At C .In D .By
3 .They don’t think you two have met before , _________ ? (NMET2007)
A .do they B .don’t they C .have you D .haven’t you
4. __How many students have finished their homework?
--- ______ . (2008上海高考)
A .Nothing B .None C .No one D .Nobody
5. The ship ____shanghai at eight o’clock yesterday morning.(2004上海高考)
A .in B .on C .to D .at
6. ___Will you have ______more tea?
___There is plenty in the pot.(NMET2005春季高考)
A .some B .any C .little D .few
7.We had ____paper but _____ink .(NMET2008)
A .plenty of ; not much B .a great deal of ; not many C .much ; few D .a lot of ; a few
8.I arrived earlier than_______.(NMET2008湖北高考)
A .usually B .usual C .never D .always
答案与解读：1.B.一般说来，在宾语从句中，whether常可与if互换。例如：I don’t know if / whether I can help you .但在下面情况下，只用whether:1)在介词后。例如：I haven’t settled the question of whether I will be back home. 2)用于带to的不定式前。例如：She doesn’t know whether to go to school.3)引出主语从句，表语从句，同位语从句和让步状语从句。例如：Whether you like it or not , you will have to do it./Whether she will come is still a question./The question is whether it is worth doing.4)多用于whether …or not场合。例如：I can’t say whether it is possible or not.
2.A.一般说来，在in the morning/evening/afternoon, at noon, at night等短语中，如果有前置定语或后置定语时哦，要将介词at/in改为on。例如：on a hot evening of July, on a cold night等等。
3.A.一般说来，句型I don’t think that…,其反意疑问句根据从句变化。例如：I don’t think he will come , will he?但主句中主语不为第一人称时，其反意疑问句，根据主句变化。例如：You don’t think I am going out there in the wet, do you ?
4.B.一般说来，none既可是 指人也可指物，通常情况下，可与nobody, no one 或nothing互换。例如：No body/No one/None of us knows about it.但在简略回答时，问How much/How many?答语是None.问What/Who?时，答语是Nothing/No one/Nobody.例如：What is on the desk? Nothing .
5.D.一般说来，达到小地方用at,大地方用in。例如：He arrived in
6.A.一般说来，any用于否定句和疑问句，some用于肯定句。例如：Have you got any matches? I haven’t got any./You have some good tapes. Could you lend me any? 但1）希望得到肯定回答时，some可用于疑问句。例如：Do you like some sugar in your coffee? 2)If从句一般用any。例如：If there are any letters for me, can you send them on to this address? 3)any用于肯定句中，表示“任何，无论哪个”。例如：You can catch any bus . They all go to the city centre.
7.A.一般说来，much, a great deal, a lot of, plenty of等均可跟不可数名词。Many跟可数名词复数。但much, many用法相当有限，通常只用于否定句和疑问句。在肯定句中常用a lot of, plenty of, a great deal of, a large number of等代替。例如：I have seen a great deal of him these days.但下面两种many , much可用于肯定句：1）many , much前有as, too, how, so, very, a great等修饰时。例如：I am sorry to give you so much trouble. 2）在肯定句中much, many可用来 作 主语或修饰主语。例如：Much snow has fallen.
8.B.一般说来，1）It is colder than yesterday.(adj.) 2)He works as hard as ever.(adv.)但是：1）He was late , as usual.(adj.) 2)Last Monday was even worse than usual.(adj.)
开放性的试题给不同层次的学生都创设了机会，多种解题策略的运用，有力地促进了学生创新能力的发展，开放题的设计同时也促进了教师自身的提高。
巩固创新练习：
A. 1.____such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river.(NMET2003)
A. Having suffered B .Suffering C .To suffer D .Suffered
2.Finding her car stolen,_______.(NMET2006)
A. a policeman was asked to help B .the area was searched thoroughly
C .it was looked for everywhere D .she hurried to a policeman for help
3.The bell ______the end of the period rang, ____our heated discussion.(NMET2007)
A .indicating ; interrupting B .indicated ; interrupting C .indicating ; interrupted D .indicated ; interrupted
4.I really appreciate _____to relax with you on this nice island.(NMET2008)
A. to have had time B .having time C .to have time D .to having time
5.Fishing is favorite hobby, and _______.(2005湖北卷)
A .he would like to collect coins as well B .he feels like collecting coins
C .to collect coins is also his hobby D .collecting coins also gives him great pleasure
6._____from heart trouble for years, Professor White has to take some medicine with him wherever he goes.(2005北京卷)
A .Suffered B .Suffering C .Having suffered D .Being suffered
7.Tony was very unhappy for _____to the party.(2007湖南卷)
A .having not been invited B .not having invited C .having not invited D .not having been invited
8.He sent me an e-mail, ___to get further information.(2003上海卷)
A .hoped B .hoping C .to hope D .hope
9.The picture ____on the wall was painted by the nephew.(2008上海卷)
A .having hung B .hanging C .hangs D .being hung
10.When I got back home I saw a message pinned to the door____“Sorry to miss you, will call later”.(2007上海春)
A .read B .reads C .to read D .reading
11.European football is played in 80 countries, ___it the most popular sport in the world.(2005上海卷)
A .making B .makes C .made D .to make
12.The visiting Minister expressed his satisfaction with his talks, ____that he enjoyed his stay here.(2005广东卷)
A. having added B .to add C .adding D .added
13.The naughty boys were a third time seen _____on the
A .playing B .to be playing C .play D .to play
14.Do you know the boy ____under the tree?(2007吉林卷)
A .lay B .lain C. laying D .lying
15.Seeing the sun ____above the surface of the sea, we let out a shout of joy.(2005辽宁)
A .to rise B .to raise C .rising D .raising
16.”Can,t you read? ”Mary said _____to the notice.(NMET2004)
A .angrily pointing B .and point angrily C .angrily pointed D .and angrily pointing
17.______is a good form of exercise for both old and young.(NMET2002) P.1
A .The walk B .Walking C .To walk D .Walk
18.The salesman scolded the girl caught ____and fined her 10 yuan.(2005春季高考)
A .to have stolen B .to be stealing C .to steal D .stealing
19._____a reply, he decided to write again.(NMET2002)
A .Not received B .Receiving not C .Not having received D .Having not received
20.He has always insisted on his ______ Dr. Turner instead of Mr. Turner.(NMET2003)
A .been called B. called C .having called D .being called
21.The manager ,_____it clear to us that he didn’t agree with us, left the meeting room.(2005江西卷)
A. who has made B .having made C .made D .making
22.The storm left ,____a lot of damage to this area.(2008全国卷I)
A .caused B .to have caused C .to cause D .having caused
23.____from other continents for millions of years
A .Being separated B .Having separated C .Having been separated D .To be separated
24._____the prog r amme , they have to stay there for another two weeks.(2007广东卷)
A .Not completing B .Not completed C .Not having completed D .Having not completed
25.It was so cold that we had the fire _____all night long.(2005湖南卷)
A.BURNING B.TO BURN C .burn D .burnt
26.As the boy insisted on-----the basketball game, his father promised----a ticket for him.
A. watch; get B .watching; to get C .to watch; to get D .to watch; getting
Key:1__5 ADABD 6__10 CDBBD 11__15 ACADC 16__20 ABDCD 21_26BDCCAB
B. 1._____in 1636,Harved is one of the most famous universities in the
A .Being founded B .It was founded C .Founded D .Founding
2.The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see ____the next year.
A .carry out B .carrying out C .carried out D .to carry out
3.______the general state of his health, it may take him a whole year to recover from the operation.
A .Given B .To give C .Giving D .Having given
4.Cleaning women in big cities usually get _____by the hour.
A .pay B .paying C .paid D .to pay
5.The Olympic Games, ____in 776 B.C., did not include women players until 1912.A.first playing B. to be first played C. first played D. to be first playing
6._____in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.
A .Losing B .Having lost C .Lost D .To lose
7.The first text books ____for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.
A .having written B .to be written C .being written D .written
8.The computer center, ____last year, is very popular among the students in this school.
A .open B .opening C .having opened D .opened
9.The murderer was brought in with his hands ___behind his back.
A .being tied B .having tied C .to be tied D .tied
10.The speaker raised his voice but still couldn’t make himself______.
A. hear B .to hear C .hearing D .heard
11 .Most of the artists _____to the party were from
A .invited B .to invite C .being invited D .had been invited
12.____more time, we could do it much better.
A .Given B. To give C .Giving D .Having given
13.__Good morning, can I help you?
____I would like to have this package____, madam.
A. be weighed B .to be weighed C .to weigh D .weighed
14.As soon as she entered the room ,the girl caught sight of the flowers ____by her mother.
A .buying B. being bought C .were bought D .bought
15.There are some ____leaves on the ground.
A .fall B .falling C .fallen D .fell
16.____by the teacher, she was too excited to fall asleep.
A .Praise B .Praised C .Praising D .To praise
17._____from the hill, our school looks even more beautiful.
A .Seeing B .Seen C .To see D .Having seen
18.When climbing the hill, John was knocked unconscious by an ____rolling stone.
A .untouched B .unexpected C .unfamiliar D .unbelievable
19.What is the language ______in
A .speaking B .spoken C .to speak D .speak
20.The wheat fields are irrigated by water ____from a river through bamboo pipes.
A .bring B .brings C .brought D .bringing
21.When____help,one often says ”Thank you” or “It’s very kind of you.”(2005福建卷)
A. offering B .to offer C .to be offered D .offered
22.____with the size of the whole earth, the biggest ocean does not seem big at all.(2005湖北卷)
A .Compare B .When comparing C .Comparing D .When compared
23 .Unless _____to speak, you should remain silent at the conference.(2005上海春季高考)
A .invited B .inviting C .being invited D .having invited
24.The research is so designed that once _____nothing can be done to change it.(NMET2005)
A .begins B .having begun C .beginning D. begun
25.If ____the same treatment again, he is sure to get well.(2005上海高考)
A .giving B .give C .given D .being given
26.None of the suits fitted him. He had to have one------to his measure.
A .make B .to make C .made D .making
27. When-----, the metal expands, and if-----,it will contract.
A .heating ; cooling B .heated ; cooling C .heating ; cooled D .heated ; cooled
28.My watch does not work. I will have it-----.
A .to repair B .repaired C .repairing D .repair
29.Ido not want the children -----out in such weather.
A .take B .to take C .taken D .taking
30.There is a hole in my bag .I am going to have it------.
A .mend B .mending C .mended D .to mend
31.-----by the police, the kidnappers had no choice but to surrender.
A .Surrounding B .Having surrounded C .Surrounded D. To be surrounded
32 .We could not agree on any of the problems----.
A .to discuss B .discussed C .discussing D .having discussed
33.He told me the difference between----German and-----German.
A. speaking ; writing B .spoken ; written C .speaking ; written D .spoken ; writing
34.If----to
A .heating B .heated C .heat D .be heated
35.People always shake hands when----each other.
A .introducing to B .introduce to C .introduced to D .introduced with
Key:1__5 CCACC 6__10 CDDDD 11__15AADDC 16__20BBBBC 21-25DDADC
26---30 CDBCC 31---35 CBBBC
C. 1I think your mother has already known all the truth. She appears ___ everything.
A .to tell B .to be told C .to be telling D .to have been told
2.____late in the morning, Bob turned off the alarm.
A .To sleep B .Sleeping C .Sleep D .Having slept
3.I have worked with children before, so I know what ____in my new job.
A .expected B .to expect C .to be expecting D .expects
4.Robert is said _____abroad, but I don’t know what countries he studied in.
A .to have studied B .to study C .to be studying D .to have been studying
5.The purpose of new technology is to make life easier, ____it more difficult.
A .not make B .not to make C .not making D .do not make
6.I would love ____to the party last night ,but I had to work extra hours to finish a report.
A .to go B .to have gone C .going D. having gone
7.The patient was warned ___oily food after the operation.
A .to eat not B .eating not C .not to eat D .not eating
8.Paul doesn’t have to be made___. He always works hard.
A .learn B .to learn C .learned D .learning
9.We agreed ____here but so far he has turned up yet.
A .having met B .meeting C .to meet D .to have met
10.The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him____.
A .not to B .not to do C .not do it D .do not to
Key: 1_5 DABAB 6__10 BCBCA
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